Unseen Threat: Mapping the Diversity of Fungal Contaminants in Bayero University’s Library
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Abstract
Background: Fungal contamination in libraries endangers both the preservation of print collections and the health of staff and users. This study investigated the prevalence, species diversity, and environmental determinants of fungal contamination in Bayero University Kano (BUK) Libraries.
Method: A quantitative cross-sectional design was employed, combining microbiological analysis with a staff survey. A total of 145 book swab samples and six (6) air samples (collected in both morning and afternoon) were obtained from the Circulation, Reference, and Serials sections of Bayero University Library. Environmental parameters (temperature and humidity) were measured, while a questionnaire was administered to 176 staff, of which 165 were returned (92.1% response rate)..
Results: Out of 145 book samples, 79 (54.5%) tested positive for fungal contamination, with the highest load observed in the Circulation section (mean count: 9.5 ± 2.75 × 10⁵ CFU/ml). Five species were identified: Aspergillus flavus, A. fumigatus, A. niger, Penicillium chrysogenum, and P. griseofulvum, with A. niger dominant. Indoor air samples showed significant fungal presence, particularly in the Circulation and Reference sections. Relative humidity ranged from 62%–69%, and temperatures from 27.2°C to 29.1°C, both favourable for fungal growth. Poor ventilation, dust accumulation, and overcrowded shelving were associated with higher contamination. Visible signs of biodeterioration included spot patches (68.8%), fuzzy growth (66.5%), and discoloration (45.3%). Staff reported frequent symptoms linked to fungal exposure, such as sneezing (80.3%), dry throat (70.2%), and eye irritation (66.1%).
Conclusion: Fungal contamination is a major environmental and occupational health risk in BUK Libraries. Interventions such as improved ventilation, dehumidification, routine disinfection, microbial monitoring, and staff training are essential for safeguarding health and preserving library resources.
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